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correzioni coppo #2

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Francesco Mecca 2020-04-12 17:30:03 +02:00
parent 97360b7f1d
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tesi/conv.py
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ try:
except: except:
allsymbols = json.load(open('../unicode-latex.json')) allsymbols = json.load(open('../unicode-latex.json'))
mysymbols = ['≡', '≠', '≼', '→', '←', '⊀', '⋠', '≺', '∀', 'ε', '₀', '₂', '₁', '₃', '₄', 'ₐ', 'ₖ', 'ᵥ', 'ₘ', 'ₙ', 'ᵢ', 'ⁱ', '⋮', 'ₛ', 'ₜ', '≃', '⇔', '∧', '∅', 'ℕ', 'ⱼ', 'ʲ', '⊥', 'π', 'α', 'β', '∞', 'σ', '≤', '⊈', '∧', '∨', '∃', '⇒', '∩', '∉', '⋃', 'ᵏ', 'ₗ', 'ˡ', 'ₒ', 'ᵣ', 'ᴵ', '≈', '⊆' ] mysymbols = ['≡', '≠', '≼', '→', '←', '⊀', '⋠', '≺', '∀', 'ε', '₀', '₂', '₁', '₃', '₄', 'ₐ', 'ₖ', 'ᵥ', 'ₘ', 'ₙ', 'ᵢ', 'ⁱ', '⋮', 'ₛ', 'ₜ', '≃', '⇔', '∧', '∅', 'ℕ', 'ⱼ', 'ʲ', '⊥', 'π', 'α', 'β', '∞', 'σ', '≤', '⊈', '∧', '∨', '∃', '⇒', '∩', '∉', '⋃', 'ᵏ', 'ₗ', 'ˡ', 'ₒ', 'ᵣ', 'ᴵ', '≈', '⊆', '↦' ]
extrasymbols = {'〚': '\llbracket', '〛': r'\rrbracket', '̸': '\neg', '¬̸': '\neg', '∈': '\in ', 'ₛ': '_S', 'ₜ': '_T'} extrasymbols = {'〚': '\llbracket', '〛': r'\rrbracket', '̸': '\neg', '¬̸': '\neg', '∈': '\in ', 'ₛ': '_S', 'ₜ': '_T'}
symbols = {s: allsymbols[s] for s in mysymbols} symbols = {s: allsymbols[s] for s in mysymbols}

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tesi/tesi.pdf
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219
tesi/tesi_unicode.org
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@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ simmetric to the correctness statement for the translation of source programs:
The equivalence checking algorithm takes as input a domain of The equivalence checking algorithm takes as input a domain of
possible values \emph{S} and a pair of source and target decision trees and possible values \emph{S} and a pair of source and target decision trees and
in case the two trees are not equivalent it returns a counter example. in case the two trees are not equivalent it returns a counter example.
The algorithm respects the following correctness statement: Our algorithm respects the following correctness statement:
\begin{comment} \begin{comment}
% TODO: we have to define what \coversTEX mean for readers to understand the specifications % TODO: we have to define what \coversTEX mean for readers to understand the specifications
% (or we use a simplifying lie by hiding \coversTEX in the statements). % (or we use a simplifying lie by hiding \coversTEX in the statements).
@ -868,38 +868,30 @@ We distinguish
- Failure: a value matching this part results in an error - Failure: a value matching this part results in an error
- Leaf: a value matching this part results into the evaluation of a - Leaf: a value matching this part results into the evaluation of a
source black box of code source black box of code
Our algorithm doesn't support type-declaration-based analysis
The algorithm doesn't support type-declaration-based analysis
to know the list of constructors at a given type. to know the list of constructors at a given type.
Let's consider some trivial examples: Let's consider some trivial examples:
#+BEGIN_SRC | function true -> 1
function true -> 1
#+END_SRC
is translated to is translated to
|Switch ([(true, Leaf 1)], Failure) |Switch ([(true, Leaf 1)], Failure)
while while
#+BEGIN_SRC | function
function | \vert{} true -> 1
true -> 1 | \vert{} false -> 2
| false -> 2
#+END_SRC
will be translated to will be translated to
|Switch ([(true, Leaf 1); (false, Leaf 2)])
|Switch ([(true, Leaf 1); (false, Leaf 2)])
It is possible to produce Unreachable examples by using It is possible to produce Unreachable examples by using
refutation clauses (a "dot" in the right-hand-side) refutation clauses (a "dot" in the right-hand-side)
#+BEGIN_SRC |function
function |\vert{} true -> 1
true -> 1 |\vert{} false -> 2
| false -> 2 |\vert{} _ -> .
| _ -> .
#+END_SRC
that gets translated into that gets translated into
Switch ([(true, Leaf 1); (false, Leaf 2)], Unreachable) | Switch ([(true, Leaf 1); (false, Leaf 2)], Unreachable)
We trust this annotation, which is reasonable as the type-checker We trust this annotation, which is reasonable as the type-checker
verifies that it indeed holds. verifies that it indeed holds.
Guard nodes of the tree are emitted whenever a guard is found. Guards Guard nodes of the tree are emitted whenever a guard is found. Guards
@ -911,7 +903,6 @@ true.
\begin{comment} \begin{comment}
[ ] Finisci con Switch [ ] Finisci con Switch
[ ] Spiega del fallback [ ] Spiega del fallback
[ ] rivedi compilazione per tenere in considerazione il tuo albero invece che le Lambda
\end{comment} \end{comment}
The source code of a pattern matching function has the The source code of a pattern matching function has the
@ -946,8 +937,7 @@ This BNF grammar describes formally the grammar of the source program:
| clause ::= lexpr "->" rexpr | clause ::= lexpr "->" rexpr
| lexpr ::= rule (ε\vert{}condition) | lexpr ::= rule (ε\vert{}condition)
| rexpr ::= _code ;; arbitrary code | rexpr ::= _code ;; arbitrary code
| rule ::= wildcard\vert{}variable\vert{}constructor_pattern\vert{}or_pattern ;; | rule ::= wildcard\vert{}variable\vert{}constructor_pattern\vert or_pattern ;;
| ;; rules
| wildcard ::= "_" | wildcard ::= "_"
| variable ::= identifier | variable ::= identifier
| constructor_pattern ::= constructor (rule\vert{}ε) (assignment\vert{}ε) | constructor_pattern ::= constructor (rule\vert{}ε) (assignment\vert{}ε)
@ -956,64 +946,6 @@ This BNF grammar describes formally the grammar of the source program:
| condition ::= "when" bexpr | condition ::= "when" bexpr
| assignment ::= "as" id | assignment ::= "as" id
| bexpr ::= _code ;; arbitrary code | bexpr ::= _code ;; arbitrary code
A source program tₛ is a collection of pattern clauses pointing to
/bb/ terms. Running a program tₛ against an input value vₛ produces as
a result /r/:
| tₛ ::= (p → bb)^{i∈I}
| p ::= \vert K(pᵢ)ⁱ, i ∈ I \vert (p\vert{}q) \vert n ∈ ℕ
| r ::= guard list * (Match bb \vert{} NoMatch \vert{} Absurd)
| tₛ(vₛ) → r
TODO: argument on what it means to run a source program
/guard/ and /bb/ expressions are treated as blackboxes of OCaml code.
A sound approach for treating these blackboxes would be to inspect the
OCaml compiler during translation to Lambda code and extract the
blackboxes compiled in their Lambda representation.
This would allow to test for equality with the respective blackbox at
the target level.
Given that this level of introspection is currently not possibile, we
decided to restrict the structure of blackboxes to the following (valid) OCaml
code:
#+BEGIN_SRC
external guard : 'a -> 'b = "guard"
external observe : 'a -> 'b = "observe"
#+END_SRC
We assume these two external functions /guard/ and /observe/ with a valid
type that lets the user pass any number of arguments to them.
All the guards are of the form \texttt{guard <arg> <arg> <arg>}, where the
<arg> are expressed using the OCaml pattern matching language.
Similarly, all the right-hand-side expressions are of the form
\texttt{observe <arg> <arg> ...} with the same constraints on arguments.
#+BEGIN_SRC
type t = K1 | K2 of t (* declaration of an algebraic and recursive datatype t *)
let _ = function
| K1 -> observe 0
| K2 K1 -> observe 1
| K2 x when guard x -> observe 2 (* guard inspects the x variable *)
| K2 (K2 x) as y when guard x y -> observe 3
| K2 _ -> observe 4
#+END_SRC
We note that the right hand side of /observe/ is just an arbitrary
value and in this case just enumerates the order in which expressions
appear.
Even if this is an oversimplification of the problem for the
prototype, it must be noted that at the compiler level we have the
possibility to compile the pattern clauses in two separate steps so
that the guards and right-hand-side expressions are semantically equal
to their counterparts at the target program level.
\begin{lstlisting}
let _ = function
| K1 -> lambda₀
| K2 K1 -> lambda₁
| K2 x when lambda-guard₀ -> lambda₂
| K2 (K2 x) as y when lambda-guard₁ -> lambda₃
| K2 _ -> lambda₄
\end{lstlisting}
The source program is parsed using the ocaml-compiler-libs library. The source program is parsed using the ocaml-compiler-libs library.
The result of parsing, when successful, results in a list of clauses The result of parsing, when successful, results in a list of clauses
and a list of type declarations. and a list of type declarations.
@ -1085,6 +1017,87 @@ We can define the following three relations with respect to patterns:
are the same are the same
- Patterns p and q are compatible when they share a common instance - Patterns p and q are compatible when they share a common instance
Wit the support of two auxiliary functions
- tail of an ordered family
| tail((xᵢ)^{i ∈ I}) := (xᵢ)^{i ≠ min(I)}
- first non-⊥ element of an ordered family
| First((xᵢ)ⁱ) := ⊥ \quad \quad \quad if ∀i, xᵢ = ⊥
| First((xᵢ)ⁱ) := x_min{i \vert{} xᵢ ≠ ⊥} \quad if ∃i, xᵢ ≠ ⊥
we now define what it means to run a pattern row against a value
vector of the same length, that is (pᵢ)ⁱ(vᵢ)ⁱ
| pᵢ | vᵢ | result_{pat} |
|--------------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------|
| ∅ | (∅) | [] |
| (_, tail(pᵢ)ⁱ) | (vᵢ) | tail(pᵢ)ⁱ(tail(vᵢ)ⁱ) |
| (x, tail(pᵢ)ⁱ) | (vᵢ) | σ[x↦v₀] if tail(pᵢ)ⁱ(tail(vᵢ)ⁱ) = σ |
| (K(qⱼ)ʲ, tail(pᵢ)ⁱ) | (K(v'ⱼ)ʲ,tail(vⱼ)ʲ) | ((qⱼ)ʲ +++ tail(pᵢ)ⁱ)((v'ⱼ)ʲ +++ tail(vᵢ)ⁱ) |
| (K(qⱼ)ʲ, tail(pᵢ)ⁱ) | (K'(v'ₗ)ˡ,tail(vⱼ)ʲ) | ⊥ if K ≠ K' |
| (q₁\vert{}q₂, tail(pᵢ)ⁱ) | (vᵢ)ⁱ | First((q₁,tail(pᵢ)ⁱ)(vᵢ)ⁱ, (q₂,tail(pᵢ)ⁱ)(vᵢ)ⁱ) |
A source program tₛ is a collection of pattern clauses pointing to
/bb/ terms. Running a program tₛ against an input value vₛ, written
tₛ(vₛ) produces a result /r/ belonging to the following grammar:
| tₛ ::= (p → bb)^{i∈I}
| tₛ(vₛ) → r
| r ::= guard list * (Match bb \vert{} NoMatch \vert{} Absurd)
\begin{comment}
TODO: understand how to explain guard
\end{comment}
We can define what it means to run an input value vₛ against a source
program tₛ:
| tₛ(vₛ) := ⊥ \quad \quad \quad if ∀i, pᵢ(vₛ) = ⊥
| First((xᵢ)ⁱ) := x_min{i \vert{} xᵢ ≠ ⊥} \quad if ∃i, xᵢ ≠ ⊥
| tₛ(vₛ) = Absurd if bb_min{pᵢ → bbᵢ \vert{} pᵢ(vₛ) ≠ ⊥} = /refutation clause/
| tₛ(vₛ) = Match bb_min{pᵢ → bbᵢ \vert{} pᵢ(vₛ) ≠ ⊥}
/guard/ and /bb/ expressions are treated as blackboxes of OCaml code.
A sound approach for treating these blackboxes would be to inspect the
OCaml compiler during translation to Lambda code and extract the
blackboxes compiled in their Lambda representation.
This would allow to test for equality with the respective blackbox at
the target level.
Given that this level of introspection is currently not possibile, we
decided to restrict the structure of blackboxes to the following (valid) OCaml
code:
#+BEGIN_SRC
external guard : 'a -> 'b = "guard"
external observe : 'a -> 'b = "observe"
#+END_SRC
We assume these two external functions /guard/ and /observe/ with a valid
type that lets the user pass any number of arguments to them.
All the guards are of the form \texttt{guard <arg> <arg> <arg>}, where the
<arg> are expressed using the OCaml pattern matching language.
Similarly, all the right-hand-side expressions are of the form
\texttt{observe <arg> <arg> ...} with the same constraints on arguments.
#+BEGIN_SRC
(* declaration of an algebraic and recursive datatype t *)
type t = K1 | K2 of t
let _ = function
| K1 -> observe 0
| K2 K1 -> observe 1
| K2 x when guard x -> observe 2 (* guard inspects the x variable *)
| K2 (K2 x) as y when guard x y -> observe 3
| K2 _ -> observe 4
#+END_SRC
We note that the right hand side of /observe/ is just an arbitrary
value and in this case just enumerates the order in which expressions
appear.
Even if this is an oversimplification of the problem for the
prototype, it must be noted that at the compiler level we have the
possibility to compile the pattern clauses in two separate steps so
that the guards and right-hand-side expressions are semantically equal
to their counterparts at the target program level.
\begin{lstlisting}
let _ = function
| K1 -> lambda₀
| K2 K1 -> lambda₁
| K2 x when lambda-guard₀ -> lambda₂
| K2 (K2 x) as y when lambda-guard₁ -> lambda₃
| K2 _ -> lambda₄
\end{lstlisting}
\subsubsection{Matrix decomposition of pattern clauses} \subsubsection{Matrix decomposition of pattern clauses}
We define a new object, the /clause matrix/ P → L of size |m x n+1| that associates We define a new object, the /clause matrix/ P → L of size |m x n+1| that associates
pattern vectors $\vec{p_i}$ to lambda code action lᵢ. pattern vectors $\vec{p_i}$ to lambda code action lᵢ.
@ -1236,7 +1249,8 @@ q_{1,1} & p_{1,2} & \cdots & p_{1,n} → l₁ \\
\end{pmatrix}\big\rvert = n \end{pmatrix}\big\rvert = n
\end{equation*} \end{equation*}
In our prototype we make use of accessors to encode stored values. In our prototype we make use of accessors to encode stored values.
\begin{minipage}{0.2\linewidth}
\begin{minipage}{0.6\linewidth}
\begin{verbatim} \begin{verbatim}
let value = 1 :: 2 :: 3 :: [] let value = 1 :: 2 :: 3 :: []
@ -1333,19 +1347,19 @@ Let's first define some auxiliary functions
- definition of group decomposition: - definition of group decomposition:
| let constrs((pᵢ)^{i ∈ I}) = { K \vert{} K = constr(pᵢ), i ∈ I } | let constrs((pᵢ)^{i ∈ I}) = { K \vert{} K = constr(pᵢ), i ∈ I }
| let Groups(m) where m = ((aᵢ)ⁱ ((pᵢⱼ)ⁱ → eⱼ)ⁱʲ) = | let Groups(m) where m = ((aᵢ)ⁱ ((pᵢⱼ)ⁱ → eⱼ)ⁱʲ) =
| \quad let (Kₖ)ᵏ = constrs(pᵢ₀)ⁱ in | \quad \quad let (Kₖ)ᵏ = constrs(pᵢ₀)ⁱ in
| \quad ( Kₖ → | \quad \quad ( Kₖ →
| \quad \quad ((a₀.ₗ)ˡ +++ tail(aᵢ)ⁱ) | \quad \quad \quad \quad ((a₀.ₗ)ˡ +++ tail(aᵢ)ⁱ)
| \quad \quad ( | \quad \quad \quad \quad (
| \quad \quad if pₒⱼ is Kₖ(qₗ) then | \quad \quad \quad \quad if pₒⱼ is Kₖ(qₗ) then
| \quad \quad \quad (qₗ)ˡ +++ tail(pᵢⱼ)ⁱ → eⱼ | \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad (qₗ)ˡ +++ tail(pᵢⱼ)ⁱ → eⱼ
| \quad \quad if pₒⱼ is _ then | \quad \quad \quad \quad if pₒⱼ is _ then
| \quad \quad \quad (_)ˡ +++ tail(pᵢⱼ)ⁱ → eⱼ | \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad (_)ˡ +++ tail(pᵢⱼ)ⁱ → eⱼ
| \quad \quad else ⊥ | \quad \quad \quad \quad else ⊥
| \quad \quad )ʲ | \quad \quad \quad \quad )ʲ
| \quad ), ( | \quad \quad ), (
| \quad \quad tail(aᵢ)ⁱ, (tail(pᵢⱼ)ⁱ → eⱼ if p₀ⱼ is _ else ⊥)ʲ | \quad \quad \quad \quad tail(aᵢ)ⁱ, (tail(pᵢⱼ)ⁱ → eⱼ if p₀ⱼ is _ else ⊥)ʲ
| \quad ) | \quad \quad )
Groups(m) is an auxiliary function that decomposes a matrix m into Groups(m) is an auxiliary function that decomposes a matrix m into
submatrices, according to the head constructor of their first pattern. submatrices, according to the head constructor of their first pattern.
Groups(m) returns one submatrix m_r for each head constructor K that Groups(m) returns one submatrix m_r for each head constructor K that
@ -1356,7 +1370,7 @@ Intuitively, m is equivalent to its decomposition in the following
sense: if the first pattern of an input vector (v_i)^i starts with one sense: if the first pattern of an input vector (v_i)^i starts with one
of the head constructors Kₖ, then running (v_i)^i against m is the same of the head constructors Kₖ, then running (v_i)^i against m is the same
as running it against the submatrix m_{Kₖ}; otherwise (its head as running it against the submatrix m_{Kₖ}; otherwise (its head
constructor is none of the Kₖ) it is equivalent to running it against constructor ∉ (Kₖ)ᵏ) it is equivalent to running it against
the wildcard submatrix. the wildcard submatrix.
We formalize this intuition as follows We formalize this intuition as follows
@ -1500,7 +1514,7 @@ respective decision tree produces the same result
The equivalence checking algorithm takes as input a domain of The equivalence checking algorithm takes as input a domain of
possible values \emph{S} and a pair of source and target decision trees and possible values \emph{S} and a pair of source and target decision trees and
in case the two trees are not equivalent it returns a counter example. in case the two trees are not equivalent it returns a counter example.
The algorithm respects the following correctness statement: Our algorithm respects the following correctness statement:
\begin{comment} \begin{comment}
TODO: we have to define what \coversTEX mean for readers to understand the specifications TODO: we have to define what \coversTEX mean for readers to understand the specifications
@ -1618,11 +1632,10 @@ We say that Cₜ covers the input space /S/, written
/covers(Cₜ, S)/ when every value vₛ∈S is a valid input to the /covers(Cₜ, S)/ when every value vₛ∈S is a valid input to the
decision tree Cₜ. (TODO: rephrase) decision tree Cₜ. (TODO: rephrase)
Given an input space /S/ and a couple of decision trees, where Given an input space /S/ and a couple of decision trees, where
the target decision tree Cₜ covers the input space /S/, we say that the target decision tree Cₜ covers the input space /S/ we can define equivalence:
the two decision trees are equivalent when:
| equiv(S, Cₛ, Cₜ, gs) = Yes ∧ covers(Cₜ, S) → ∀vₛ≃vₜ ∈ S, Cₛ(vₛ) ≃gs Cₜ(vₜ) | equiv(S, Cₛ, Cₜ, gs) = Yes ∧ covers(Cₜ, S) → ∀vₛ≃vₜ ∈ S, Cₛ(vₛ) ≃gs Cₜ(vₜ)
Similarly we say that a couple of decision trees in the presence of Similarly we say that a couple of decision trees in the presence of
an input space /S/ are /not/ equivalent when: an input space /S/ are /not/ equivalent in the following way:
| equiv(S, Cₛ, Cₜ, gs) = No(vₛ,vₜ) ∧ covers(Cₜ, S) → vₛ≃vₜ ∈ S ∧ Cₛ(vₛ) ≠gs Cₜ(vₜ) | equiv(S, Cₛ, Cₜ, gs) = No(vₛ,vₜ) ∧ covers(Cₜ, S) → vₛ≃vₜ ∈ S ∧ Cₛ(vₛ) ≠gs Cₜ(vₜ)
Corollary: For a full input space /S/, that is the universe of the Corollary: For a full input space /S/, that is the universe of the
target program: target program:
@ -1727,7 +1740,7 @@ I think the unreachable case should go at the end.
3. When we have a Leaf or a Failure at the left side: 3. When we have a Leaf or a Failure at the left side:
| equiv(S, Failure as Cₛ, Switch(a, (πᵢ → Cₜᵢ)^{i∈I})) := Forall(equiv( S∩a→π(kᵢ)), Cₛ, Cₜᵢ)^{i∈I}) | equiv(S, Failure as Cₛ, Switch(a, (πᵢ → Cₜᵢ)^{i∈I})) := Forall(equiv( S∩a→π(kᵢ)), Cₛ, Cₜᵢ)^{i∈I})
| equiv(S, Leaf bbₛ as Cₛ, Switch(a, (πᵢ → Cₜᵢ)^{i∈I})) := Forall(equiv( S∩a→π(kᵢ)), Cₛ, Cₜᵢ)^{i∈I}) | equiv(S, Leaf bbₛ as Cₛ, Switch(a, (πᵢ → Cₜᵢ)^{i∈I})) := Forall(equiv( S∩a→π(kᵢ)), Cₛ, Cₜᵢ)^{i∈I})
The algorithm either returns Yes for every sub-input space Sᵢ := S∩(a→π(kᵢ)) and Our algorithm either returns Yes for every sub-input space Sᵢ := S∩(a→π(kᵢ)) and
subtree Cₜᵢ subtree Cₜᵢ
| equiv(Sᵢ, Cₛ, Cₜᵢ) = Yes ∀i | equiv(Sᵢ, Cₛ, Cₜᵢ) = Yes ∀i
or we have a counter example vₛ, vₜ for which or we have a counter example vₛ, vₜ for which
@ -1740,7 +1753,7 @@ I think the unreachable case should go at the end.
4. When we have a Switch on the right we define π_{fallback} as the domain of 4. When we have a Switch on the right we define π_{fallback} as the domain of
values not covered but the union of the constructors kᵢ values not covered but the union of the constructors kᵢ
| π_{fallback} = ¬\bigcup\limits_{i∈I}π(kᵢ) | π_{fallback} = ¬\bigcup\limits_{i∈I}π(kᵢ)
The algorithm proceeds by trimming Our algorithm proceeds by trimming
| equiv(S, Switch(a, (kᵢ → Cₛᵢ)^{i∈I}, C_{sf}), Cₜ) := | equiv(S, Switch(a, (kᵢ → Cₛᵢ)^{i∈I}, C_{sf}), Cₜ) :=
| Forall(equiv( S∩(a→π(kᵢ)^{i∈I}), Cₛᵢ, C_{t/a→π(kᵢ)})^{i∈I} +++ equiv(S∩(a→πₙ), Cₛ, C_{a→π_{fallback}})) | Forall(equiv( S∩(a→π(kᵢ)^{i∈I}), Cₛᵢ, C_{t/a→π(kᵢ)})^{i∈I} +++ equiv(S∩(a→πₙ), Cₛ, C_{a→π_{fallback}}))
The statement still holds and we show this by first analyzing the The statement still holds and we show this by first analyzing the