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_site/vikeys.html
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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<TITLE>vi Complete Key Binding List</TITLE>
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<META HTTP-EQUIV="Keywords" NAME="Keywords" CONTENT="Thomas A. Fine">
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<LINK REL="icon" HREF="/~fine/images/favicon.gif" TYPE="image/gif">
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</HEAD>
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<BODY BGCOLOR=#FFF0D0 STYLE="max-width: 1000">
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<H1>vi Complete Key Binding List</H1>
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This is not intended as a tutorial. It is a reference on what every vi
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key binding does, followed by some useful vi tricks and tips. An expert will
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probably know most of these already, but an intermediate vi user will find
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valuable information, and even an expert may learn a thing or two.
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<p>
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this page is just a mirror of
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http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~fine/Tech/vi.html
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</p>
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<H3>complete key binding reference</H3>
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<TABLE CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0>
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<TR><TH>Key</TH><TH>Action</TH><TH>Followed by</TH></TR>
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<TR><TD>a</TD><TD>enter insertion mode after current character</TD><TD>text, ESC</TR>
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<TR><TD>b</TD><TD>back <A HREF="#defs">word</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>c</TD><TD>change command</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">cursor motion command</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>d</TD><TD>delete command</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">cursor motion command</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>e</TD><TD>end of <A HREF="#defs">word</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>f</TD><TD>find character after cursor in current line</TD><TD>character to find</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>g</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>h</TD><TD>move left one character</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>i</TD><TD>enter insertion mode before current character</TD><TD>text, ESC</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>j</TD><TD>move down one line</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>k</TD><TD>move up one line</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>l</TD><TD>move right one character</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>m</TD><TD>mark current line and position</TD><TD>mark character tag (a-z)</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>n</TD><TD>repeat last search</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>o</TD><TD>open line below and enter insertion mode</TD><TD>text, ESC</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>p</TD><TD>put buffer after cursor</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>q</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>r</TD><TD>replace single character at cursor</TD><TD>replacement character expected</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>s</TD><TD>substitute single character with new text</TD><TD>text, ESC</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>t</TD><TD>same as "f" but cursor moves to just before found character</TD><TD>character to find</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>u</TD><TD>undo</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>v</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>w</TD><TD>move foreward one <A HREF="#defs">word</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>x</TD><TD>delete single character</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>y</TD><TD>yank command</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">cursor motion command</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>z</TD><TD>position current line</TD><TD>CR = top; "." = center; "-"=bottom</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>A</TD><TD>enter insertion mode after end of line</TD><TD>text, ESC</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>B</TD><TD>move back one <A HREF="#defs">Word</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>C</TD><TD>change to end of line</TD><TD>text, ESC</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>D</TD><TD>delete to end of line</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>E</TD><TD>move to end of <A HREF="#defs">Word</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>F</TD><TD>backwards version of "f"</TD><TD>character to find</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>G</TD><TD>goto line number prefixed, or goto end if none</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>H</TD><TD>home cursor - goto first line on screen</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>I</TD><TD>enter insertion mode before first non-whitespace character</TD><TD>text, ESC</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>J</TD><TD>join current line with next line</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>K</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>L</TD><TD>goto last line on screen</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>M</TD><TD>goto middle line on screen</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>N</TD><TD>repeat last search, but in opposite direction of original search</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>O</TD><TD>open line above and enter insertion mode</TD><TD>text, ESC</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>P</TD><TD>put buffer before cursor</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>Q</TD><TD>leave visual mode (go into "ex" mode)</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>R</TD><TD>replace mode - replaces through end of current line, then inserts</TD><TD>text, ESC</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>S</TD><TD>substitute entire line - deletes line, enters insertion mode</TD><TD>text, ESC</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>T</TD><TD>backwards version of "t"</TD><TD>character to find</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>U</TD><TD>restores line to state when cursor was moved into it</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>V</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>W</TD><TD>foreward <A HREF="#defs">Word</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>X</TD><TD>delete backwards single character</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>Y</TD><TD>yank entire line</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>Z</TD><TD>first half of quick save-and-exit</TD><TD>"Z"</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>0</TD><TD>move to column zero</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>1-9</TD><TD><A HREF="#prefix">numeric precursor to other commands</A></TD><TD>[additional numbers (0-9)]
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command</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD> </TD><TD>(SPACE) move right one character</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>!</TD><TD>shell command filter</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">cursor motion command</A>, shell command</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>@</TD><TD>vi eval</TD><TD>buffer name (a-z)</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>#</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>$</TD><TD>move to end of line</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>%</TD><TD>match nearest [],(),{} on line, to its match (same line or others)</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^</TD><TD>move to first non-whitespace character of line</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>&</TD><TD>repeat last ex substitution (":s ...") not including modifiers</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>*</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>(</TD><TD>move to previous sentence</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>)</TD><TD>move to next sentence</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>\</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>|</TD><TD>move to column zero</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>-</TD><TD>move to first non-whitespace of previous line</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>_</TD><TD>similar to "^" but uses numeric prefix oddly</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>=</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>+</TD><TD>move to first non-whitespace of next line</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>[</TD><TD>move to previous "{...}" section</TD><TD>"["</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>]</TD><TD>move to next "{...}" section</TD><TD>"]"</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>{</TD><TD>move to previous blank-line separated section</TD><TD>"{"</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>}</TD><TD>move to next blank-line separated section</TD><TD>"}"</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>;</TD><TD>repeat last "f", "F", "t", or "T" command</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>'</TD><TD>move to marked line, first non-whitespace</TD><TD>character tag (a-z)</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>`</TD><TD>move to marked line, memorized column</TD><TD>character tag (a-z)</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>:</TD><TD>ex-submode</TD><TD>ex command</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>"</TD><TD>access numbered buffer; load or access lettered buffer</TD><TD>1-9,a-z</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>~</TD><TD>reverse case of current character and move cursor forward</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>,</TD><TD>reverse direction of last "f", "F", "t", or "T" command</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>.</TD><TD>repeat last text-changing command</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>/</TD><TD>search forward</TD><TD>search string, ESC or CR</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD><</TD><TD>unindent command</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">cursor motion command</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>></TD><TD>indent command</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">cursor motion command</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>?</TD><TD>search backward</TD><TD>search string, ESC or CR</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^A</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^B</TD><TD>back (up) one screen</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^C</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^D</TD><TD>down half screen</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^E</TD><TD>scroll text up (cursor doesn't move unless it has to)</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^F</TD><TD>foreward (down) one screen</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^G</TD><TD>show status</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^H</TD><TD>backspace</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^I</TD><TD>(TAB) <A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^J</TD><TD>line down</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^K</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^L</TD><TD>refresh screen</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^M</TD><TD>(CR) move to first non-whitespace of next line</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^N</TD><TD>move down one line</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^O</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^P</TD><TD>move up one line</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^Q</TD><TD>XON</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^R</TD><TD>does nothing (variants: redraw; multiple-redo)</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^S</TD><TD>XOFF</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^T</TD><TD>go to the file/code you were editing before the last tag jump</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^U</TD><TD>up half screen</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^V</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^W</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^X</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^Y</TD><TD>scroll text down (cursor doesn't move unless it has to)</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^Z</TD><TD>suspend program</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^[</TD><TD>(ESC) cancel started command; otherwise <A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^\</TD><TD>leave visual mode (go into "ex" mode)</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^]</TD><TD>use word at cursor to lookup function in tags file, edit that file/code</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^^</TD><TD>switch file buffers</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^_</TD><TD><A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^?</TD><TD>(DELETE) <A HREF="#defs">UNBOUND</A></TD></TR>
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</TABLE>
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<P>
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<A NAME="defs"><H3>Definitions</H3></A>
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<UL>
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<LI><B>UNBOUND</B> - this key is not normally bound to any vi command<BR>
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<LI><B>word</B> - a lower-case word ("w", "b", "e" commands)
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is defined by a consecutive string of
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letters, numbers, or underscore, or a consecutive string of characters
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that is not any of {letters, numbers, underscore, whitespace}
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<LI><B>Word</B> - an upper-case word ("W", "B", "E" commands) is a consecutive
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sequence of non-whitespace.
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<LI><B>sentence</B>
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<LI><B>paragraph</B>
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<LI><B>cursor motion command</B> - any command which positions the cursor is
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ok here,
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including the use of numeric prefixes. In addition, a repeat of the edit
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command usually means to apply to the entire current line. For example,
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"<<" means shift current line left; "cc" means
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replace entire current line; and "dd" means delete entire current line.
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</UL>
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<H3>Key Bindings in Editing Modes</H3>
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While in any edit mode (insert, replace, etc.) there are some keys that
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are used to adjust behaviour, rather than just to insert text.
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<UL>
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<LI>ESC - leave edit mode, return to command mode
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<LI>^D - move line backwards one shiftwidth. shiftwidth must be set, and
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either the line must be newly added, or ^T must have been used.
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<LI>^T - move all after cursor forwards one shiftwidth
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<LI>^H - deletes text that was entered during the current edit mode.
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Most versions of vi do not allow deleting to previous line.
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<LI>^V - insert next character even if it is a editing character.
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</UL>
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<A NAME="prefix"><H3>Repitition Counts</H3></A>
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Most commands can be prefixed with a multidigit number, that influences the
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way the command works.
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<TABLE>
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<TR><TD>z</TD><TD>position <I>n</I>th line number</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>G</TD><TD>goto <I>n</I>th line number</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>|</TD><TD>goto <I>n</I>th column number</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>r</TD><TD>replace next <I>n</I> characters</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>s</TD><TD>substitute for next <I>n</I> characters</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD><<</TD><TD>shift <I>n</I> lines left one shiftwidth</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>^</TD><TD>ignored?</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>_</TD><TD>advance <I>n</i>-1 lines</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
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</TABLE>
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Need to differentiate between such things as 5yj vs. y5j?
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<H3>Multibuffer</H3>
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Standard vi does have an ability to toggle between two different files.
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These will be the last two edited files (edit new files with :efilename)
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To switch files, use control-^.
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<P>
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These filenames can be reffered to in ex commands, and subshell filters,
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using two special characters: "%" refers to the current file, and "#"
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refers to the previous file. Here's some handy things you can do with
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this feature:
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<PRE>
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:map v :!chmod 644 %^[ make world-readable
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:map q :!ci -l %^[ RCS checkin
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:map V :!diff # %^[ compare previous and current files
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</PRE>
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<H3>Tags</H3>
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Tags are cool, but I don't use them. Go figure. Maybe I'll write something
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up here someday.
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<H3>Mappings and Abbreviations</H3>
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<TT>:map</TT> lets you bind a list of keystrokes to a shortcut in command-mode.
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This shortcut can be a multiple-key sequence (with limitations),
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and the commands within can enter and exit edit-mode.
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Some examples of <TT>:map</TT> can be found above, in the multibuffer section.
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Below is a list of all the normally unbound keys in vi command-mode.
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<PRE>
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g q v K V # * \ = ^A ^C ^I ^K ^O ^V ^W ^X ^[ ^_
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</PRE>
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When you try to map multiple key sequences, you won't be able to start
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them with lower or upper case letters ("Too dangerous to map that"),
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but the punctuation and control characters are fair game.
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In addition, : can't be mapped, and sometimes a few other keys. Multiple
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key sequences can also be very useful with terminal-generated sequences,
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which is why the escape key is bindable. I have my xterm set to generate
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=f1 for function key one, and so on, so all the function keys are easier to
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use with bindings.
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<P>
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If you use multiple key shortcuts, you'll want to know about the timeout
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variable. With <TT>:se timeout</TT>, you have a limited time to generate
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the key sequence. This is useful if the key sequences are terminal generated.
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With <TT>:se notimeout</TT>, it just keeps waiting until the next character
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does or doesn't match any possible current sequences.
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<P>
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<TT>:map!</TT> lets you bind a list of keystrokes to a shortcut in edit-mode.
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This is useful for adding editing commands to edit mode. One popular
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trick is to bind the arrow keys to move up and down while (apparently)
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staying in edit-mode, as in the last four lines below.
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<PRE>
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:map! ^? ^H Make delete act like backspace
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:map! ^[OA ^[ka xterm arrow sequences will
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:map! ^[OB ^[ja exit edit-mode, move the
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:map! ^[OC ^[la cursor, and re-enter edit-mode.
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:map! ^[OD ^[ha
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</PRE>
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If you use the above
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trick for arrow-keys in edit-mode, you'll want to set timeout, because
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otherwise you won't get beeps at all when you hit escape, only when you
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use the next keystroke. With timeout, you get the beep, but after the
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timeout. Since both of these are annoying, it may be a useful choice to
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avoid multikey sequences that involve escape, as a matter of taste.
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Also, many systems now set up command-mode arrow keys in vi by default,
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which also leads to the same problem.
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<P>
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<TT>:ab</TT> lets you bind a key sequence to an abbreviation,
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for use in edit-mode.
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Abbreviations don't fire until vi decides that you've typed the shortcut
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as a whole word. So if taf is a shortcut for Thomas A. Fine, and I type
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taffy, it won't substitute because I didn't enter taf as a word by itself.
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(If I'd used <TT>:map!,</TT> then taffy would do the
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replacement before I got to the second "f".)
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<P>
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Abbreviations are echoed normally until complete, therefore the abbreviation
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can't contain escape (you'd leave edit-mode before completing the
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abbreviation),
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but the replacement expression can contain escape, and can leave and return
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to edit-mode.
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<PRE>
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:ab teh the
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:ab #d #define
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:ab #i #include
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:ab cmain main(argc,argv)^Mint argc;^Mchar **argv;^M{^M}^[O
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:ab cmmap mmap(NULL,st.st_size,PROT_READ,MAP_SHARED,fd,0);
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:ab readsig ^[G:r ~/misc/sig^M
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}
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</PRE>
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To keep a live abbreviation from going off in your hands, use ^V. For
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instance, if I want to type teh but have the the abbreviation above, I
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can let it "fix" it, then back up and unfix it; or I can type "teh^V..."
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and it won't expand the abbreviatoin.
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<P>
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<A HREF="http://soma.npa.uiuc.edu/docs/vi.macros">vi macros document</A>
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<H3>Repeating with .</H3>
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Commands can be repeated with the redo command, normally bound to ".",
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but I've found this to be occasionally unpredictable. If you use multiple
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key sequences in a macro, and vi is waiting to see if one of those sequences
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might complete, and you start a new command here, it won't be noticed by
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the redo. (Solaris, HPUX at least).
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<H3>System Differences</H3>
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<UL>
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<LI>Older versions of vi didn't automatically set up arrow-keys in
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command-mode; they didn't interfere with the beep. (Maybe multiple
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key bindings were new at the same time???)
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<LI>Some versions of vi have encryption, some don't.
|
||||
<LI>Options processing is handled differently from version to version.
|
||||
Solaris prefers <TT>-c command</TT> in place of <TT>+command</TT>, and
|
||||
<TT>-L</TT> instead of <TT>-r</TT>.
|
||||
<LI>Differnt systems may have other keys besides : that are "Too dangerous
|
||||
to map that".
|
||||
<LI>The size of macros (:map, etc.) are limited in different ways on different
|
||||
systems.
|
||||
<LI>On some systems the environment variable EXINIT overrides .exrc files (Solaris, HPUX), other systems it enhances it
|
||||
(SunOS???, FreeBSD).
|
||||
<LI>nvi allows backspace to previous line in edit-mode (if previous line was edited) (FreeBSD).
|
||||
<LI>variants of vi that have multiple undo have different styles. One style
|
||||
(linux) uses u as undo, and control-R as redo. The other style (FreeBSD)
|
||||
u acts normally, but . continues on in the same direction as the last u
|
||||
(whether it was undo or redo). I prefer the latter because it doesn't
|
||||
interfere as much with traditional vi behaviour.
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/ECS/online_help/vi.html">VI Reference Manual</A> from the University of Michigan at
|
||||
Dearborn
|
||||
<H3>Trick</H3>
|
||||
I've seen various replacements for the fmt command that you can use to format
|
||||
paragraphs almost automatically. Mine's better:
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<TT>:map v 0ma}b:'a,.j<ctrl-v><return>070
|
||||
? *<ctrl-v><escape>dwi<ctrl-v><return><ctrl-v><escape></TT>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Note the control-v's are there to enter the following characters, which would
|
||||
otherwise terminate the map command. The above was written as you have to
|
||||
enter the special characters in traditional vi. In vim, you can use the
|
||||
four literal characters "<CR>" for a carriage return, and also
|
||||
"<Esc>" for Escape. So it may be easier to type this, and it can
|
||||
also go into your .vimrc) more readibly (with thanks to
|
||||
Bart Van den Broeck):
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<TT>:map v 0ma}b:'a,.j<CR>070 ? *<Esc>dwi<CR><Esc></TT>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
It's better because you don't have to prejoin the paragraph by hitting J
|
||||
an arbitrary number of times. Just hit v (or whatever you've mapped it to)
|
||||
starting at the beginning or in the middle of the paragraph, and it joines the
|
||||
rest of the paragraph together, formats one line, and moves the cursor down
|
||||
again. Just keep hitting v and it will keep formatting. You have to stop one
|
||||
before the end or you'll end up with an extra short line. It also does not
|
||||
leave spaces at the end of the line.
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.darryl.com/vi.shtml"><IMG WIDTH=100 HEIGHT=35 SRC="/~fine/images/vi.gif" BORDER=0 ALT="vi Powered!"
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||||
ALIGN=right></A>
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